之后，便该比较遗留的可能性论点，选取能言之有物且不交叉的项目，作为主要论点了。发散思维时，思维如洪水，*卷一切进入视野的可用之材，但大浪淘尽后，选择时就要格外注意这些素材的特征属性，看准了着手点才能下手。一个可能的论点必须作者有话可说才能选用，但如果对一个论点有太多话要说，就应该停下来，看看这些话能否安插在其他论点上。这也是出于观察论点间交叉性的需要。比如我选生活节奏改变，引发出速食对食量的影响，再引出对身体的影响，但第一个选择的论点是营养价值对身体的影响，两个论点就交叉在一起了。
在挑选论点，寻找言之有物这个“物”的时候，一定要注意避免层面的交叉，而这个层面，也要从题目中来：题目问的是对生活质量的影响，这些选择的层面一定和生活质量有关。生活质量又有什么层面呢?身体健康是一层，心理健康是一层，这两者合并在一起，是人类健康生活的基本要求，而物质享受是在基本要求上的锦上添花，又可以算一层，三层不交叉的层面就找到了。以此为依据，再回头找匹配的论点，事半功倍。此处也需要注意，破题时给出的方向只是方向，不是成熟的论点。有需要时，可以把匹配的几个方向糅合成一个论点，方便下笔。
针对本题，笔者草拟三个论点如下：身体健康下降：速食对食量的影响。心理健康下降：快速的生活节奏造成压力。物质享受下降：精心调配的美食是一种格调，人们正在沉沦于生活压力中，丧失享受的品位。
为调整思路,笔者绞尽脑汁才准备出这三个论点,大家可能都看得心满意足,以为思路完成了,可以下笔了.事实上就这么下笔,的确已经可以成文了.可要写成一篇动人的议论,还是不够.因为这三个论点虽不交叉,却只有一条明线为关联:这条明线就是支持全文观点.细细研究,它们再无其它联系,如果写成文章,读后不会有一气呵成的畅快淋漓之感,也不会特别深入人心.
这条暗线，应该是什么呢?是让文章从死板规矩的举例说理，三片豆腐块儿拼成的死文字，变成有思想，又灵性，能从纸上走出来，走进读者内心去的，作者的心声。这暗线，就是前文提过的，能赋予文章品格的，刚柔之论，是或者以情，或者以理，串联整篇文章。以这个题目为例，笔者决定以理服人。
既然这条暗线要贯穿全文，就必须与各个论点有一定联系。而在串连所有论点的同时，要避免交叉，就使这个暗线出于一个全新的视角。之前笔者从题目用词的角度发散思维，再根据题目提问的出发点将发散开的思维分成三股收束起来。从题目本身入手，已无处再用力，可以使用的视角，只能从个人经验和知识中采凿-----而这正是独立写作的.基本要求：writing based on knowledge and experience
仍然以题目为例，笔者醉心心理学，因此这一次的暗线会从心理角度入手。调用笔者的心理学知识储备，在遗留的可能性论点中寻找可以嵌含的切入点，将可以利用的心理角度理论排列出一定顺序，落笔时以暗线而非明线的顺序依次展开论证。
从小学开始，每个人就在接受写作的训练，记叙文，描述文，议论文……各种文体的练*作了一遍，上初中再练，练到高中，问题的区分已经不再重要，只要得到一道题，能写出抓人眼球的文章，就是目的。为了拿高分，多少考生极尽铺陈排笔之能事，以辞藻之华丽为第一要务，争奇斗艳，极度忽视文章的实用性。浮华之风流至今日不绝。猛然跳出个人来问，“写作是什么?”百人之中，可有一人知晓?
追根还要溯源，文章由语言组成，文章的功能就是语言的功能。人类创造语言，目的是为了表达，因此文章的主要目的也是表达。而在语言的表达形式外，文章还有个以文字符号在介质上记载的形式，所以文章之所以成文，是为了记录某刻的表达，流传于世。人类可以表达的事物有两种类型：一是私念，表达一时之心情，感悟，决心，等等;二是公务，表达一件大事的行动步骤，如计划书，或某项行动的可行性，如议论文，等等。文章分品格，可刚可柔，就是从这公私分明上来。上乘的文章往往刚柔并济，用的是公理私情一起上的招数，打击面广，能拍中的软肋多，因而说服力大。换个大家熟悉的概念就是合情入理。
写文章的目的如果找到，写作的手段也就有迹可循。所谓对症下药，写作也当如此。动笔前要明白自己的表达对象是什么，即写作目的。针对这个写作目的，应该使用怎样的手法表达最动人心。如果是记叙文，旨在记录，那当然要多多形容，将事情的前因后果交代得越清楚明白、越跃然纸上，越好;——如果还能夹杂恰到好处的修辞，那简直是千古奇文。但IBT要求我们写的是根据自己的见识经历，经思考而做的议论文章。议论的品格可以不相似，从议题着手，因地制宜。比如一道机经作文问你愿不愿意写与家常同居。涉及私人情感太种，可以化百炼钢为绕指柔，所有论段都以一个情字为出发点，处处以情动人。再如一道机经问是否应该在大学期间博学兼收，既关联个人兴趣之所在，也关乎未来发展，于情于理都讲头，可以刚柔并济。也可以完全据理驳斥，字字力透纸背，句句如黄钟大吕，振聋发聩，掷地有声。一言蔽之，若不能刚柔并济，便要或者至刚或者至柔，——即一定要说服读者，不能说服，也得让读者有极深的印象。
要做到这一点，写作者应该具备的是什么条件呢?不是以华文丽藻哗众取宠，而是个人眼界，素质，修养以服人。一个词，深度。关于这一点的具体论述，笔者会在陪伴大家完整得经历写作的各项工序后给出。
IBT独立写作的评分标准我附上了，仔细研究一番，4个基本的评分标准：破题，结构，思路，语言。语言的好坏只占评分准则中的一项。更为具体的，从OG上找到的官方明确说法：
Raters will judge the quality of your writing. They will consider how well you develop your ideas, how well you organzie your essay and how well you use language to express your ideas.
往多了算，语言依然只占分数的三分之一，重心仍然在立意，思路和结构上。其中的立意，就是破题，是上文论述提及的写作目的，思路即为上文中的刚柔之说。结构是落笔成文时应该注意的小花哨。只要这三点掌握，IBT写作的分数，就算语言不过关，理论上也能得20分的'。由此看来，*写作的*惯性关注语言，实在要不得。可是要从这三个方面入手，又该怎么准备呢。请容我细细道来。
破题的两个字眼，一个是“题”，心里要满装着题目，一个字一个标点也要看得清清楚楚，不可以有哪怕一个空格的疏漏。另一个是“破”，要对题目里的每一个单词都细嚼慢咽，深刻理解，读过了的词如百步穿杨，准确无误的明了其所指，这也包括该单词的引申含义，言外之义。
此处笔者将以从OG提供的195道例题中随机抽的一题为例，进行详细示范。
Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
我们看见了一个nowadays，指的是现代生活，现今时代，今年甚至是今天，也就是我们正在每天体验的生活。我们又看到food，今天的人们有什么吃的呢?健康饮食理念者爱吃生疏加熟粗粮，不健康饮食理念者也有肯德基麦当劳。儿童有糖果饼干果冻，大街上随处都有的买。正规家居过日子的人也有各种原料和佐料等着下厨。这个food指的是什么呢?继续看，food has become easier to prepare，有个比较级，是要和谁比较，比较什么?从to prepare判断，原来是比较准备出食物的难易程度，这不可能是和人们还不知为何状的未来的食物相比，那么就是和过去，也就是和传统食物相比了。这个比较可以从多种角度入手。围绕着现代食物比较容易准备，我们能够轻易想到的有：准备时间缩短了，食用方式可能改变，营养价值可能改变，人们烹调时的心情改变，食用心情改变，对身体的长远影响改变，烹调方面节省下来的时间可以用在其它方面，导致生活节奏改变，生活重心改变，长此以往情趣格调改变，兴趣爱好改变，乃至性情改变等等等等。从题目给出的条件，我们得到了这么多可能的后果，那么题目问的是什么呢?has this change improved the way people live ?大汗无语中，从上面的破题结论看来，这个论题有着太多的选择方向。那么多可以改变的条目，我们选什么做立意之根本呢?
——托福独立写作高分 (菁华3篇)
Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from my point of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________. 就理由进行解释_____________________. For instance,____________________
Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________. 就理由进行解释___________________. For example,____________________ The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________ Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious. Such as________________.
In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A.
将原题复述___________________________________________When faced with the decision of A of B, quite a few would deem that______________________, but others, in contrast, believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors which influence -A/-B, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.
The main reason for my propensity of _________is that___________________
The second reason can be seen by every person that________. In addition, these reason are also usable when we consider that_________.
There are some disadvantages in____________________另一种观点的缺点__________.
In a word, _____________重复观点句并缩写理由__________________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that___________.
When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that A, but others, in contrast, deem B as the premier choice and that is also my point. This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points.
We may look into every possible reason, however, fore most reason for B is ____________________. For example, ______________.
Also, ________________________.
This is arbitray to judge B according only to the excuse I mentioned in the above paragraph.
Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that________________.
Admittedly, __________________A也有好的地方______________.By he same token, however, ______________B更好____________.Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that_____________.
——托福独立写作汇总五篇
科技带来的弊端
In terms of life quality, there is no question that technology has revolutionized our life. Yet we still cannot ignore the problems coming along with the progress. While we are enjoying the convenience of searching information online and the notifications from the calendar, we might receive an email accidentally sent by someone with evil intentions, which could cause some problems.
A ransomware, WannaCry2.0, has been passed around online recently. People who have received this email and clicked the link would find that their important documents stored in the computer are locked and they are blackmailed for large amounts of bitcoin, a kind of virtual currency. In order to get these documents back, people have no choice but to pay bitcoin or the real money. As a result, these victims could lose thousands of dollars, some of which would even lose all the important documents no matter they choose to pay or not.
Imagine that a to-be graduate who has already finished the final paper suddenly lose his paper, or a doctor who is going to do an operation suddenly lose all the information of his patients. You can understand how bad the consequence is caused by ransomwares such as WannaCry2.0.
Rather than help their children with schoolwork, parents should help their children to work independently.
审题之后会发现这道题目是一个“应不应该”的题目，笔者推荐使用最简单的.“总分总结构”来写作。首先，提出自己的观点，即父母应该帮助自己的孩子独立完成作业。然后，分别阐述两个理由，分别是可以更好的掌握所学知识和可以培养独立解决问题的能力，最后总结。
范文如下
In current society, according to the survey conducted by a newspaper titled China Daily, the study burden on the shoulder of students is increasingly heavier, which has attracted widespread public attention. When it come to what parents can do to help their children’s study, many people, if not most, are strong believers of the claim that parents should finish their kids’ homework for the purpose of relieving the study pressure. However, as far as I am concerned, parents are supposed to guide their children to complete their homework independently, for having a better command of knowledge imparted in class and cultivating their independent thinking ability.
First and foremost, it is undeniable that finishing homework by themselves can help children better absorb the knowledge they obtained. As is known to all, the purpose of assigning homework to students is to review what they learned in the class. In other words, teachers will view their assignments as a yardstick to evaluate how well their students have absorbed the knowledge. For example, a history teacher may require his students to write a paper about the Independence War after briefly introducing the background and process of this war. Due to the lack of sufficient information about this subject, kids may turn to their parents for help. Some parents may do everything for their children, including collecting data, outlining the whole article and even finishing the paper. However, other parents may just provide some information sources and ask their kid to select relevant information and design the structure of the article. After finishing the paper, those who finish it independently have understood the whole process of Independent War, while those who do not complete by themselves forget what they learned quickly.
Furthermore, it is indisputable that doing assignment independently can foster children’s ability of solving problems on their own, which is of great importance to their future success in their work and college study. The childhood is a critical period in which children shape characteristics or personalities. If a kid is accustomed to seeking helping from others whenever they encountered setbacks or troubles, he is likely to become emotionally attached to others and will never achieve success. By contrast, those who have formed the habit of resolving problems by themselves have a greater chance to succeed. Take my friend, Thompson, as an example. Whenever Thompson asks their parents for help in the process of doing homework, his parents never directly give him the answer to the questions or do the homework for him. They usually guide Thompson to figure out the answer by himself and thus he formed a good habit of independent thinking. Later in his college study and work, he will always stand out because of his independent ability.
In the final ***ysis, judging from what has been discussed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that parents should help their children to finish their homework independently instead of finishing it for them, in order to grasp what they learned better and develop the ability of solving problem on their own.
托福写作论证篇
1、模糊论证
Range from...
2、举例论证
●自己的例子
I can think of no better illustration than the example of my own visit to Singapore. Only after going shopping on Orchard road, the main shopping district in Singapore,did I realize what "a paradise for shopping”really was. Only after roaming in the City Hall,the financial center of Singapore, did I experience the quick pace of modern life. Only after lying on the beach of Sentosa did I know about the Singaporean typical way of spending leisure time.
●社会的例子
For example, on account of the advent of the technologically advanced society, employers tend to hire people equipped with a wide range of knowledge rather than the ones with limited knowledge.
3、数据论证
I can think of no better illustration than the statistic. Experts from
the Department of Sociology in Peking University pointed out that
the average sleeping time an adult has everyday, compared with 8
hours in the 1970s, has decreased t0 6.8 hours due to the busy
work and study.
4、引用论证(开头)
5、假想论证
托福写作语言篇
1、基本句型
●因果
On account of/owing to/due to+ N
For the reason that/as/since+句子
It is due to_____that
eg:It is due to his persistence and perseverance that he eventually reached his acme.(琨调句)
derive/arise/stem from来源于
eg:His success derives from his persistence and perseverance.
ascribe A to B归结于
eg: His success can be ascribed/attributed to his persistence and perseverance
●条件
A serves as a catalyst for B(our further success)
If/on condition that/provided that /as long as _____
●让步
Despite the fact that/regardless of
2、经典句型
●倒装
compete
1) Only via(by/through /with/when/after)_____do/did/can we_____
ef: Only after going to the beach of Hawaii will I know about American typical type of spending leisure time.
2) Hardly/Seldom/Scarcely can_____
ef: Hardly can we imagine a world/our life without /devoid of
3_) So +adj+主谓倒装+that_____
4) Not only主谓倒装but also_____
eg: Not only should education prepare children to compete not only do people care their economic needs,they but also want to meet their spiritual needs.
5) 0n no account主谓倒装(决不…)
托福综合写作：海洋生物灭绝
某一地点所有海洋生物在同一时间灭绝
阅读给出的三种观点：
1.海洋蒸发
2.致命病毒
3.algae boom在食物链中积累
听力逐一反驳：
1.海洋蒸发应该还会有一些物种残存，但化石中并没有看到
2.单一的病毒一般只针对特定的物种或是两个相联系的物种进行攻击，不可能同时灭绝这么多生物
3.化石上有些生物是食草的，不会受到毒素在小鱼体内积累的影响
版本二:
主题
Topic：发现了一大批ocean animals死在了一起 有几个theories
R&L对照
Reading:
1、原来这块地方是个lagoon，因为地震啥的.会堵塞河口，动物就被渴死了;
2、一些virus导致他们死了，比如现在就有个virus影响了dolphine;
3、algae会分泌一些toxic，如果很多fish吃了就会发生toxic concentration，一些位于食物链高级的动物就会死。
Lecture:反驳
1、如果这个地儿的ocean water evaporate还会留下mineral，但是并没有发现mineral;
2、一个virus只能影响一个species，少数情况下它能影响两个closely related species，但是不可能同时影响mammals和fish species;
3、plant-eating species不会受影响，这些fossils里还发现了large mammals他们主要吃植物，那他们体内的toxic应该不足以导致他们死。
Rather than help their children with schoolwork, parents should help their children to work independently.
审题之后会发现这道题目是一个“应不应该”的题目，笔者推荐使用最简单的“总分总结构”来写作。首先，提出自己的`观点，即父母应该帮助自己的孩子独立完成作业。然后，分别阐述两个理由，分别是可以更好的掌握所学知识和可以培养独立解决问题的能力，最后总结。
范文如下
In current society, according to the survey conducted by a newspaper titled China Daily, the study burden on the shoulder of students is increasingly heavier, which has attracted widespread public attention. When it come to what parents can do to help their children’s study, many people, if not most, are strong believers of the claim that parents should finish their kids’ homework for the purpose of relieving the study pressure. However, as far as I am concerned, parents are supposed to guide their children to complete their homework independently, for having a better command of knowledge imparted in class and cultivating their independent thinking ability.
First and foremost, it is undeniable that finishing homework by themselves can help children better absorb the knowledge they obtained. As is known to all, the purpose of assigning homework to students is to review what they learned in the class. In other words, teachers will view their assignments as a yardstick to evaluate how well their students have absorbed the knowledge. For example, a history teacher may require his students to write a paper about the Independence War after briefly introducing the background and process of this war. Due to the lack of sufficient information about this subject, kids may turn to their parents for help. Some parents may do everything for their children, including collecting data, outlining the whole article and even finishing the paper. However, other parents may just provide some information sources and ask their kid to select relevant information and design the structure of the article. After finishing the paper, those who finish it independently have understood the whole process of Independent War, while those who do not complete by themselves forget what they learned quickly.
Furthermore, it is indisputable that doing assignment independently can foster children’s ability of solving problems on their own, which is of great importance to their future success in their work and college study. The childhood is a critical period in which children shape characteristics or personalities. If a kid is accustomed to seeking helping from others whenever they encountered setbacks or troubles, he is likely to become emotionally attached to others and will never achieve success. By contrast, those who have formed the habit of resolving problems by themselves have a greater chance to succeed. Take my friend, Thompson, as an example. Whenever Thompson asks their parents for help in the process of doing homework, his parents never directly give him the answer to the questions or do the homework for him. They usually guide Thompson to figure out the answer by himself and thus he formed a good habit of independent thinking. Later in his college study and work, he will always stand out because of his independent ability.
In the final ***ysis, judging from what has been discussed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that parents should help their children to finish their homework independently instead of finishing it for them, in order to grasp what they learned better and develop the ability of solving problem on their own.
——托福独立写作高分实用五篇
Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from my point of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________. 就理由进行解释_____________________. For instance,____________________
Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________. 就理由进行解释___________________. For example,____________________ The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________ Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious. Such as________________.
In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to A.
When it comes to______________, Nevertheless, in my part, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
I agree with the statement that _________without reservation since___________.
Naturally ___________.It can be given a concrete example__________.
A more essential factor why I advocate the argument of __________is that. Obviously ________________.Take the case of a thing that____________.
Furthermore, what is worth noticing fact is that ________________. This demonstrates the undeniable fact that__________________.
Of course, choosing B also has advantages to some extent,_______________此处论述B的1-2优点___________.But if all these factors are contemplated, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that_____________.
Some people prefer to A. others believe B. When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would claim that______________, but others, in contrast , deem A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. There are numerous reasons why___________, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. The main reason why I agree with the above statement, however, is that________________. Take ___________as example, ______________.
There is another factor that deserves some words here. Such as________________.
Similarly, these reasons are also usable when we consider that______________. (examples:___________).
From the above you might got idea that I agree______________.(repeat the above three reason____________).So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to _______________.
The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style. In my point view, buying computers is as important as, if not more important than, buying books. So it is sagacious to ____________.Among countless factors which influence the choice, these are three conspicuous aspects as follows.
The main reason for my propensity for __________is that____________.
Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________.
Furthermore, ______________. In short,_________________复述前文中的理由______________.
In my point of view, A is as important as, if not more important than B. So it is sagacious to choose A. Among count less factors which influence A. there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.
The above point is certainly true if A is considered. For example,___________________
Another reason why I agree with the above statement is that I believe that A is better than B. For instance,_______________
It would probably not be too kindly disposed to the idea that B is not important . B________也好_________.
In a word, to choose A or B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of B, and neglect hte genuinely good aspects of A. For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that A, but not B.
——托福写作七大基本原则 (菁华3篇)
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的.时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!
强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的.短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
I want it.
可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.
这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
——托福写作句子正确应用的方法 (菁华3篇)
孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：
It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。
在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很*常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：
It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth.
这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。
Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dis*.
这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。
我们看看下边的几个例句： Knowledge will never lie
知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。
这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。 That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。
那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。
这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。 Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life
自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色
这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。
这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动，让人读起来容易接受，同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。
孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：
It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。
在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很*常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的`表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：
It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth.
这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。
Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dis*.
这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。
——托福写作素材实用五篇
素材段落
In 1973, the Indian government initiated a tiger protection campaign called ‘Project Tiger’ which was designed to help protect the diminishing tiger population. The tiger population was declining due to habitat loss, poaching and other human-related factors. During the campaign, twenty-five tiger reserves were established where human development and inhabitation was forbidden. On these reserves, the breeding of tigers has been facilitated, and mature tigers have been transported to other regions with the goal of increasing their worldwide population. At the same time, the campaign has organized the Tiger Protection Force to catch poachers and relocate villagers in the rural areas so that they are no longer living within natural habitats. As a result of these efforts, the population of Bengal tigers in India has increased from about 1,200 in 1973 to an impressive 3500 in 2007. Due to this fact, they are no longer on the brink of extinction.
单词和词组
diminish 减少
=decrease, decline
✎ diminish water and energy sup***
✎ diminish government revenue by limiting commercial activities
with the goal of … 以…为目的
=with the purpose of …
✎ With the goal/purpose of establishing a more efficient basic education system, authorities are obliged to implement scientific teaching strategies for all primary schools.
on the brink of 濒临
=on the verge of
✎ on the brink/verge of starvation
句型结构
… where … 在这(那)里，地点状语从句结构
✎ There has been a large-scale migration of industrial workers from the countryside to the cities where many manufacturing factories are located.
话题词汇
濒危物种 endangered species
动物保护区 habitat conservation/preservation
对…有潜在威胁 pose a potential challenge/threat to
视而不见 turn a blind eye to
充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to
以…为代价 at the expense of
弥补 make up for
采取各种措施保护 take various measures to protect/safeguard
2016年托福写作素材模板精选
引导语：2016年托福写作素材模板精选，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读。
素材模板一：马斯洛需求层次理论
1.素材段落
Consumer motivation is associated with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. According to his theory, motivational forces have different levels of importance. The most common needs are physiological needs (including food and shelter) and safety needs, both of which are tightly connected to basic survival. Higher-level needs include social needs (including relationships and love), esteem needs (including recognition and status) and self-actualization needs (also known as the needs to fulfill oneself). In Maslow’s view, individuals must meet their lower-level needs before being motivated to fulfill their higher-level needs.
2.单词和词组
be associated with 与…相联系
=be connected to
Criteria for the judgment of purchasing different products may be associated with a number of elements, particularly personal preferences and specific functions.
fulfill 实现、满足=accomplish
fulfill a work program
fulfill one’s responsibility
3.句型结构
…, both of which … 这两者都，非限定性定语从句结构
Chess encourages personality and mental development, both of which are very important in a child’s early years.
4.适用考题
People often buy products not because they really need them, but because other people have them. (2014.11.2/2013.5.11)
The main purpose for people to have jobs is to earn money rather than gain public recognition. (2012.5.20)
People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment. They do things they like to do rather than do the things they should be doing. (TPO 5)
素材模板二：孩子看电视
1.素材段落
Some television programs are educational, informative and inspiring, and are often more effective than books in bringing children a wide scope of knowledge. Common questions, such as how a tree grows, why it snows in the winter and what the Great Wall is, can be answered in television shows. What children learn from television can be a vital complement to their school learning. When children who frequently watch educational programs on television take elementary school classes, they are more likely to receive higher grades and value their studies more than their fellow students. Also, according to a latest study conducted by a group of scientists from the University of Siena in Italy, television programs, particularly cartoons and comedies, are effective sources of relief to children who are under intense pressure or in severe pain.
2.单词和词组
a wide scope of 广泛的'
=a wide range of
vital 至关重要的
=critical, decisive, fundamental
vital to children’s intellectual development
vital to national security
a question of vital importance=a very important question
3.句型结构
…, particularly cartoons and comedies, … 插入语结构
Many people, particularly those who lead busy lives, have little time or inclination to read books, but they enjoy watching television.
4.适用考题
Printed books have more influence on society than televisions once had. (2011.10.20)
素材模板三：社区服务和提高社会技能
1.素材段落
Participating in community service is a practical and effective approach for teenagers who desire to enhance their social skills. For example, a teenager, who is not a sociable person, seizes an opportunity to work in the community as a volunteer for hosting an English conversation group. This volunteer work will make him capable of practicing his communication skills as he will be conversing with people of different ages and backgrounds. Such an experience enables him to overcome the fear of speaking in front of groups of people and he will master the skills of how to communicate with different kinds of people in an appropriate way. His actions will lead to an improvement in his social skills and, in particular, his interpersonal skills.
2.单词和词组
seize an opportunity 抓住机会
=make the most of an opportunity
Citizens have seized every opportunity to educate themselves with innumerable news sources at their disposal.
capable of 能够=able to
Qualified teachers are capable of enlightening students’ hearts and minds as well as leading them to a brilliant success.
3.句型结构
… enable(s) … 使…能够，通常和be able to进行转换
The columns in the newspaper enable readers to acquire more profound knowledge about the country.
Readers are able to acquire more profound knowledge about the country from the columns in the newspaper.
4.适用考题
Universities should spend more money supporting social activities rather than improving the food students eat. (2013.8.17)
At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and they should receive equal financial support. (TPO 1)
Young people today do not volunteer enough time towards helping their communities. (TPO 25)
素材模板四：旅途中交朋友
1.素材段落
——中考材料作文写作技巧与思路优选【5】份
对“材料”必须先展开“发散思维”，思维打开了，可写的内容就丰富多彩了。如下面一则材料：
五岁的晶晶在院子里玩耍，不小心摔了一跤。两天后，妈妈发现晶晶的左手举不起来了，原来女儿的锁骨受伤。妈妈又急又疼，可晶晶却有了意外的收获：“妈妈我现在知道哪边是左边了!”晶晶太小，一直分不清左右，这下好了：痛的就是左边!
晶晶摔了一跤就分清了左右的经历，给了我们许多有益的启示：受挫折的过程往往就是获得真知的过程。走过崎岖小路，才能真正体味生活的欢乐;穿过茫茫迷雾，才能深切感受阳光的明媚。不经风雨，怎见彩虹;不吃一堑，难长一智……
晶晶的故事是否让你联想到生活中的某些经历或见闻?是否获得某些感悟和认识?请你拿起笔，自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇文章。
五岁的.晶晶摔疼了左手，却从此获得了分辨左右的本领。这个故事给我们的启示是多方面的，为考生提供了充分发挥自己才华的宽广空间。考生既可沿着题目中的提示打开思路，选择立意，比如：立意一：痛苦中包含着收获。立意二：事物总是辩证的，坏事也会变成好事。立意三：走过崎岖小路，才能真正体味生活的欢乐;穿过茫茫迷雾，才能深切感受阳光的明媚。立意四：不经风雨，怎见彩虹;不吃一堑，难长一智!还可依据自己的知识积累与生活经历等的情况，发挥自身的优势，拓展思路，比如:立意五：亲身体验的事，留下的印象最深，给自己的帮助也最大。立意六：有时不幸也是福.立意七：苦难往往带来甜果。
角度即材料表现出来的看问题的出发点。在不同的材料中，角度有时表现为不同读者对材料的不同感触或感悟，有时表现为材料所涉及的不同对象，有时表现为联系实际的立足点……有的材料只有一个角度，有的却有两个或两个以上的'角度。作文中一要根据自己的写作能力(擅长写的文体)和对材料的理解程度，选择自己最易写的、最好把握的、有话可说的、有事可写的、有情可抒的角度人手。二要尝试求异创新，因为大家写的都是同一材料，要避开“俗套”，就要求异创新，可从那些不被人重视，又有价值的方面，进行突破，写别人没写出来的旨趣，给入耳目一新之感。另外，命题者所给的材料所包含的哲理往往都是大道理，要全面深刻地阐述这些大道理是有难度的，因此，要学会以大化小、以小显大，即把自己熟悉的社会生活与大道理联系起来，再从小事情、小问题中发现大道理，阐述大道理。
读完材料后,千万不能忽视的是“写作要求”。材料叙述后的要求需要细细研读，这样才会写出符合要求，主旨的好文章。
题型阐释
材料作文要求根据所给的材料(事例、故事、寓言、诗歌、歌词等)，由其提炼中心，展开联想、想象，写出经历、思考、感悟等。材料作文在思辨性上对考生有较高要求，这类作文以能够凸显思想的张力与深度者为佳。
题型呈现
根据材料的指向性，材料作文题可分为以下三类：
1.单一型材料作文
这类材料作文中心单一明确，可采用“聚焦中心”法构思，即直接提炼出材料中心，立意选材，谋篇布局。
比如2010年云南曲靖市中考作文题材料：一名画家小时候，兴趣非常广泛，样样都想拿第一，结果却一无所获。于是他的父亲拿来一个小漏斗和一捧玉米，当父亲抓起满满一把玉米粒放到漏斗里面时，玉米粒相互挤着，竟一粒也没有掉下来。父亲意味深长地对他说：“如果这个漏斗代表你，你每天都能做好一件事，那么每天你就会有一粒种子的收获和快乐。可是，当你想把所有的事情都挤到一起来做，反而连一粒种子也收获不到了。”
这则材料的中心非常明确，关键句为父亲意味深长的话，提炼出来即：“集中精力，才会收获成功和快乐;面面俱到，往往会因精力分散而导致失败。”考生写作时需要注意：一是这篇作文适宜选用议论文文体。二是材料中父亲说的话运用了类比手法，考生在得出论点时须找出两者之间的相似点：“漏斗”与“画家”，“玉米粒”与“每天要做的事”，“玉米一粒也没从漏斗里掉下来”与“画家每天做很多的事却没有一点收获”，“玉米粒相互挤着”与“不分取舍地做事，消耗了画家大量的精力”。只有分析清楚二者之间的内在联系，才可能更好地把握材料中心。三是论点要想鲜明准确，必须借助逻辑严密的语言表达。四是材料中的一个细节可作为论点的支撑：小时候样样想拿第一却一无所获的孩子长大后成了画家，父亲的话功不可没。
2.多元型材料作文
命题者在命制材料作文时，选择的语言材料常常具有丰富的含义，这样的材料就可能不止一个中心，而是具有多方面的意义指向。对于这样的材料作文，考生可以采用“从中选点”法构思，即从多项中心里选择一个重点立意选材，然后再布局谋篇。怎样“从中选点”呢?应区分重点与一般，根据中考作文阅卷短*快的特点，考生可以先摒弃含混晦涩的角度，再剔除容易陷入雷同选材的中心，最后选择最能体现命题者意图且自己最擅长的角度立意。
比如2010年重庆綦江县中考作文题材料：友情，是患难中的倾情相助，是迷途上的逆耳忠言，是跌倒时一把真诚的`搀扶，是痛苦时抹去泪水的一缕春风……友情是人生一笔受益匪浅的储蓄，但不可以单向支取，只有通过彼此的积累才能加重其分量。任何带功利性的友情，不仅得不到利息，而且连本钱都会丧失殆尽。懂得珍惜友情，就是珍惜人生中那份最宝贵的财富;懂得珍惜友情，实在是一种智慧与幸运。
通过解读材料，我们可以从中提炼出有关友情的一系列观点，如“友情是患难中的倾情相助”“友情来自朋友双方的情感投入”“友情忌讳功利，它的真谛在于责任与奉献”“我们要懂得珍惜友情”“珍惜友情是一种智慧与幸运”等，任意选择其中一个角度构思行文均可。
3.“隐喻”型材料作文
这类作文题，材料中没有明确的寓意提示，我们可以采用“含义概括”法审题构思，即通过分析归纳的方法概括所给材料的基本思想，再立意选材与谋篇布局。写惯了记叙文的考生多感性思维，容易被这类材料中的某一细节打动而陷入“只见树木不见森林”的误区，而这类文题恰恰需要考生具备整体感知的思考能力。
比如2010年湖北武汉市中考作文题材料：花园里的小橡树愁容满面，看到别人在开花结果，它不知道自己该做什么。苹果树说：“你为什么不能结出一个美味的苹果呢?你太不努力了!”玫瑰也对它说：“别听它的，你应该开出一朵玫瑰花，你看多容易!”小橡树非常努力，可是既未结出美味的苹果，也未开出漂亮的玫瑰花，它越来越迷茫。迷茫中，小橡树尝试让自己*静下来，去倾听自己内心的声音：我是一棵橡树啊，我永远结不出苹果，也开不出玫瑰花。我的使命应该是长得高大挺拔，给鸟儿栖息，给游人遮荫。小橡树顿觉浑身充满力量，它快乐地生长着，很快就成为一棵大橡树。成长过程中我们需要些什么呢?小橡树的经历应该能引发我们一些思考。请自拟题目，自选文体(诗歌、戏剧除外)，写一篇不少于600字的文章。
这则寓言材料，讲的是小橡树“成长”的烦恼：看到别人开花结果，自己却不知该做什么。材料中苹果与玫瑰各有各的建议，小橡树听了反而更加迷茫。最后它静下心来思考，终于找到了自己的成长方向，快乐地成长为一棵大橡树。这则材料，同时有多个可供提炼的话题，如“成长的烦恼”“人生目标”“别人的建议”“认识自己”等，最后归纳概括，可确定其基本意思为：快乐成长的过程中，需要倾听我们自己的心声。考生可根据这一中心联系具体生活实际运笔行文。
全面把握材料的中心内涵，不能只抓住只言片语。首先，要准确把握文章要点。对所提供的材料，要多读几遍，读的时候可勾画重要字词;读后要认真分析材料重点及各段要点、人物的主要精神和性格特点、事件的主要意义、言论的主要意思等等。然后，或者根据材料重点重组材料作文，或者根据材料要点分析其现实意义或象征意义，再结合自己的`知识和生活积累，另外组织写议论文或记叙文的材料，并拟定恰当的题目作文。除了读懂材料外，还应注意题目中的要求，如体裁、篇幅(字数)、重点和中心等。对此既不能忽视，也不能有任何改变，否则就偏离了题意。
寓义性材料的题旨和意图是隐含的、不外露的，只有更深一层地理解分析它的寓义，才能正确地把握题旨和意图。如以下材料：
一群刺猬冬眠，天气寒冷，他们相互之间挨得很紧，结果相互之间刺伤了对方;他们相互之间离得远了，就感觉不到温暖。最后他们选择了一个不远不*的恰当距离，相互之间既不刺伤对方，又能互相得到温暖。
这则材料主要意思是刺猬之间应该保持恰当的距离，但仅仅看到这点还是不够的，还应该进一步找到所对应的现实生活：父母与子女应该保持恰当的.距离，朋友之间也需要保持恰当的距离，个人与金钱、权势之间也应当保持一个恰当的距离……这样与现实生活一比较、对应，就会发现，两者之间有许多共同点，这个共同点，就是作文的依据和基础。
